The Subfield Of Psychology Known As Physiological Psychology

The subfield of psychology known as Physiological Psychology studies the relationship between this physical functioning of an organism’s brain and its behavior. It developed from Rene Descartes’s speculations about the role of the mind. Descartes believed that each person possesses a mind and was the first one to suggest that there is a link between the body and mind. Furthermore, Descartes clearly identified the mind with consciousness and self-awareness and distinguished this from the brain as the brain being in control. He argued that the mind interacts with the body via pineal gland. Descartes’s own view on dualism known as Cartesian dualism shows that the mind influences the body and that there is a two-way interaction that occurs†¦show more content†¦Growing connections allow the individual to fully understand how their individual thoughts carry great poetential. The brain has made it possible for humans to interpret, store, and create vast connect ions that allow us to achieve great things such as sending a man to the moon, composing masterpieces in art and music, and being able to further advance in science. The brain is the sole organ that is responsible for managing everyday life and having a better understanding of how the brain works have helped society advance and evolve biologically. The hippocampus sits right under the temple in the temporal lobe and it functions in regulating emotion and memory. Damage to the brain can be lethal and can affect everyday life, imagine waking up one day realizing that every memory was wiped and you were completely unaware that you are stuck in time. This condition is known as retrograde amnesia occurs when there is damage inflicted upon the Hippocampus. One of the most famous cases of amnesia is that of H.M. otherwise known as Henry Gustav Molaison. Henry Gustav Molaison was born in Manchester Connecticut on February 26TH, 1926. Molaison suffered from severe seizures after his bicycle a ccident that occurred when he was 9 years old. In 953, he underwent an experimental procedure under the supervision of Dr. William Beecher in Hartford, Connecticut. H.M underwent a bilateral medial temporal lobectomy, that removed most of the hippocampus, as well as theShow MoreRelatedHistorical Reference Of Social Psychology1169 Words   |  5 Pages Historical Reference of Social Psychology Social psychology uses scientific methods to understand how people’s opinions and behaviors are influenced by the actual presence or the implied presence of others. Social psychology is an integrative field that builds the gap between psychology and sociology. Sociology, on the other hand, is the scientific study of human behavior. In addition, social psychology is a comparatively new field that originated in the early 20th century. 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Gathering and Identifying Relevant Facts †Myasssignmenthelp.Com

Question: Explanation Gathering and Identifying the Relevant Facts? Answer: Introduction As students of law, we often come across stages where it becomes difficult to address a legal problem. In fact, finding a solution to the problem seems difficult because our approach to the problem is unsystematic. We stop questioning and start seeking answers. Then I came across MIRAT[1] which gave me clarity of reasoning as the use of this acronym helped in arranging my thoughts in a pattern. MIRAT, which was first discussed by Wadein his legal problem solving article is an extension of Charles Engels PBL (Problem-Based Learning) process. The purpose of PBL process is not to focus on a problem with a defined solution, but to develop definite skills and attributes which allow access to ways of finding a solution. The acronym 'MIRAT" stand for: M - Material facts - present or absent I - Issues of law and "policy" R - Rules and Resources A - Arguments (or Application) T - Tentative Conclusion In my opinion, IRAC - Issue, Rule, Application, and Conclusion is also a suitable way. Gathering and Identifying the Relevant Facts Material Facts: Analysing the Problem Broadly, a "material" fact is described as that fact which we can use for creating a line of deductive reasoning and becomes vitally important for solving the problem. I presume that material facts can be helpful even in providing advice to our clients in selecting from a range of options in finding a solution to a problem. [2] I can create a useful model for this concept by illustrating three categories of facts: Clear Material Facts, such as John pulled the guns trigger[3]; or net income of the company showed a 40% decline[4]. Clear Immaterial Facts, such as Mary has freckles; or Steven once travelled to Auckland. But if the immaterial facts can become material facts if they are stated as facts, policies or rules for identifying the issues, such as Mary had freckles at the age of 17; or Steven travelled to Auckland in 2007. Know the Adversary In the light of above factors, my advice to the client would be to know your adversary. I would attempt at understanding who they are; what is their lifestyle; and what factors motivate them. In case my clients adversary is a firm, my effort would be to learn about its values or the way in which they do business, and then use these facts to identify the decision-making factors for resolving the dispute[5]. Although information about the adversary obtained from my client is important, I would prefer not to rely solely on it, because my client may have formed a biased opinion of the adversary. Among the many other ways of finding the material facts is the straightforward way of questioning the adversary at their deposition. I also find that interviewing or getting depositions of those involved in the case is a more reliable source of gathering the material facts about an adversary[6]. It is also possible that research about the adversary may produce some useful negative material facts and as a lawyer I could use these for undermining the position of the adversary in the dispute and may help me in putting a resolution which they willingly accept. Strategies for Identifying the Legal Issue Issues of Law: Identifying the Information Identifying the issue, in my opinion, is the first stage of finding the solution to a legal problem. To initiate this process, I need to identify a rule or a group of rules which are the nearest to the material facts of the problem. And then to phrase it as a question. I often hear my teachers saying "It is more important to ask the right questions then to find the right answers" Example Problem When I was studying the case ofBernstein v Skyviews General Ltd[1978] Q.B. 479, I came across the following passage about this case in a textbook, and I quote: InBernstein v Skyviews, the defendant company flew an aircraft over the claimants land and took a picture of his house. He alleged trespass on the basis that he who owns the land owns everything from the depths of the earth to the highest heavens. It was held that this maxim did not apply and that the claimant should only be able to sue for trespass into his airspace to the extent to which it was necessary for the reasonable enjoyment of his land. This was not the case here. In my view, I analysed the situation in the form of this question Mario flew an aeroplane over Janes land in order to take photographs. In my analysis, I identified the legal problem in the following way: Identification of problem The problem identified by me in accordance with the case ofBernstein v Skyviews General Ltd[1978] Q.B. 479 was whether Mario is liable for trespass into the airspace above Janes land. My teacher suggested to study the extracts of the judgment and I will understand the way how the judge formulated the legal problem which he had to deal with in this case. My analysis of this disputes was that a misunderstanding between the parties about rights and obligations under the law led to this case[7]. My effort would be in getting the parties to come to an understanding of the law in achieving an agreed resolution. I am of opinion that if a dispute arises in an area of the law with which I am not very familiar, I must invest time and effort to determine the law which will govern the dispute. This is because of fact that law has become so extensive that it is not possible for a lawyer to know it all[8]. Hence, once I confirm the legal principles involved in the identified problem, I am in a better position to resolve any misunderstanding my client may have. Make Sure to have the Facts Right My assertion is that like material facts, issues also emerge gradually. Initially, they may arise from first impression, experience or the gut reaction, but will arise from details as the legal research progresses. According to my teacher, as an issue gets identified, it gives rise to the question How did you decide that was an issue? As has been seen in the above case, most of the disputes arise from misunderstanding of the facts by one of the parties[9]. I believe that if the parties can reconcile by understanding the facts, arriving at a resolution becomes easier. But for that, each party to the dispute must confirm own understanding of the facts before addressing the misunderstanding by the adversary. It is common for people to make assumptions about the facts or jump to conclusions, because they or their employees think that they did what was to be done and the fault is of other party. I always insist that every party to the case must invest quality time and effort in understanding the facts. They must go through the documents and review them carefully. Even if this means going to the adversary for additional information and documents[10]. Researching the Most Relevant Law Rules, Research and Resources Sometimes I get too intimidated into using books as I think that is where the solution to the problem lies. But my teacher tells me that they are not the only research resource. My teacher insists on development of interviewing skills and to use them for the right person at the right time[11]. In the class, we are repeatedly asked these questions: "Please tell me, according to the books, what rule applies to this particular issue?" "How did you locate that rule?" "What alternative versions to that rule did you discover?" Two Approaches I have deduced from my classroom debates that there are often two approaches to achieve a resolution by agreement. One by fighting it out in the court with the adversary. Second by approaching the legal dispute as a problem and find the solution. I am of opinion that problems do get solved if people apply their persistence, resources and skills in finding out ways towards a solution. When a legal problem is viewed in this way, one uses the legal procedures and rules as tools and skilfully works through the dispute. I find that the problem-solving approach offers some very potential advantages[12]. In case the parties find a way of working through the legal dispute, it becomes easier to get to the resolution. It not only saves on time, effort but is comparatively inexpensive. It also offers control over the outcome and there is the possibility of an ongoing harmonious relationship between the parties. But the problem lies in the challenge of applying the problem-solving approach to the legal dispute[13]. Disputes arise because of human relationships as these are variable and sometimes volatile. Hence, each dispute has a uniqueness of the facts, the parties, their circumstances and sometimes the lawyers. In my learning experience, I found that the problem-solving approach had potential advantages and the warfare approach had potential drawbacks. In my opinion, a persistent and skilful application of the problem-solving approach can be effective in overcoming several key problems[14]. Applying the Law to the Facts Arguments and Application It has been observed that most law students initially yearn to have the certainty of a clear answer. In achieving this, they often leap quickly from the facts or issues or rules to a definitive conclusion. It is required that they be taken a few steps back and asked to develop an argument involving both the parties to the issue. They must develop a counter-punch for every punch delivered; develop a counter-move for every move[15]. This writer's experience is that most often, the creative arguments and counter-arguments developed by the students is based on their own experiences or perceptions of the policy about which they are arguing. Applying the Law: Although not much information is available in the Jane v Mario problem discussed above, but we can carry forward our argument based on the overall structure of the judges argument, which I reproduce below In the problem we have been given there is insufficient information to be able to form a definite conclusion as to whether a court would hold Mario liable in trespass to land followingBernstein. However, if Mario had been taking lots of photographs and being doing so persistently, it might be that he could be held as interfering with Janes reasonable use of her land. Also, if Jane was running a park which involved putting things in the air, or which needed extra quiet, such as a nature reserve, and Mario were flying his aircraft at a low height, then Jane will be able to argue convincingly that she needs to exclude people from that airspace for the reasonable enjoyment of her land. Unquote. My statement in this matter is that every convincing argument can be met with a proposition, such as - "well, how would you respond to your own argument?" I still believe in the dictum that educationally there can never be such thing as a wrong or foolish argument. In every lawyer's career, maybe at a later stage, there may come some culturally inappropriate arguments which occur because of public ridicule or gossip or loss of clients but these should not lead to a social excommunication[16]. Problem-based Learning (PBL) Thus I come back, again, to the Problem-based learning (PBL) process, which, with its emphasis on active learning, still appears to be the best way to encourage students, especially those in their early years of learning, to develop the required skills which they would need when dealing with the frequently confronted complexities. My teacher believes that this is an approach which can be effective in teaching the skills of legal problem solving[17]. We are often confronted with Professor Charles Engel explanation of this PBL process of PBL as follows: analysis of the problems presented; identification of information required; specification of the required information; study in order formulate answers; and application of newly acquired knowledge. Communicating Your Advice Conclusion When educational goals, such as thinking like a lawyer are used, they become the cause of a sloppy course preparation, not to mention the students frustration. In my opinion, the MIRAT framework of analysis ably provides a simple and structured goal. Although MIRAT may not help all types of students, it is effective as it has been tested by the experts for number of years with enthusiastic response. As a novice practitioner of this art, I prefer not to use the adjective tentative with conclusion. No doubt, a confident and unqualified conclusion is justified when the weight of the arguments is towards such conclusions. In my view, the acronym MIRAC seems more appropriate than MIRAT, when it comes to describing the reasoning process. As law students, we need to practise various style of expressions so as to avoid being misguided with an over-confident or an underconfident or a premature conclusion. How many permutations are required to be pursued so that we can analyse a problem properly? This is one aspect which often daunts the law students. There are often multiple ways of endeavour which naturally come into existence once the student acknowledges that the issue can have more than one possible conclusion. Some teacher give a relief through repetitive models to suggest the correct route of the probable conclusions. We have been taught that at the law school, development of reasoning and process skills is more important than discovering what is probably the right answer[18]. Regularly Reconsider Clients Position On basis of the above discussion, it can be safely vouched that a lawyers initial analysis of the clients perspective in a dispute may change as the case progresses. The lawyer may learn facts which change the perspective substantially or he may attain an improvised understanding about some stated facts. Sometimes, the lawyer may discover a legal principle or statute or a term in the contract which was not known initially or was overlooked or wasnt realized to be applicable to the dispute. Hence, in view of this author, a regular reconsideration and analysis of the clients position during the progress of the dispute is essential. Make Litigation Tactics Consistent with Resolution Tactics As a lawyer, I am constantly facing the challenge of trying either to achieve the agreed resolution to the dispute and at the same time litigating and preparing the case for trial. In case my problem-solving tactics not in tune with my litigation tactics, there is strong possibility that it may undermine my ability of achieving the agreed resolution. Hence, I need to tread carefully every step which I take in the lawsuit. Do my claims asserted have a solid basis in fact and law? Is there a sound argument for the damages sought? Do my answers admit those allegations about which there is no dispute? Am I focused on the facts which need to be developed for understanding the case? It is not advisable for early stage lawyers to submit to a scorched-earth approach when finalising their theories for discovery or extreme positions in their claims or defences. An excessive position may poison the cordial atmosphere for reaching an agreed resolution and is hence usually considered unnecessary for making the trial preparations effective. As discussed in this paper, use of available legal procedures and tools should be made in the lawsuit to work through the issues which are hindering the process of the agreed resolution. It is for the lawyer to take a stand on behalf of the client. If the client views the facts differently, it is for the lawyer to see that the right perspective is used to develop the facts. In case the client understands the law differently, the lawyer should reconsider the legal principles involved. References Alexander, M. 2013, The New Jim Crow. The New Press, New York. Bargen, J. 2014, Young people and crime/Disadvantaged young people. Hot topics, Sydney, N.S.W. no. 73. Bryant, C.D. (ed.) 2012, Routledge Handbook of Deviant Behaviour. Taylor Francis, Oxon. Carl, J., Baker, S., Robards, B., Scorr, J., Hillman, W. and Lawrence, G. 2011, Think Sociology. Pearson Higher Education AU, Frenchs Forest, NSW. Dunbabin, H. 2011, CHILD CRIMINALS IN THE MEDIA. Internet Journal of Criminology 2011. Graham, J. and Bowling, B. 2015, Young people and crime. London Home Office Research and Statistics Department, London. Lewis, B. and Lewis, J. 2014, Health Communications: A Media and Cultural Studies Approach. Palgrave Macmillan, London. Muncie, John (2006). Governing Young People: coherence and contradiction in contemporary youth justice. Critical Social Policy, 26(4) pp. 770793. Nalla, M.K. and Newman, G.R. (ed.) 2013, Community Policing in Indigenous Communities. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. Pope, K. 2014, Researching youth victims and offenders. Centre for Social and Educational Research, Dublin Institute of Technology, Dublin. Short, D. 2016, Reconciliation and Colonial Power: Indigenous Rights in Australia. Routledge, Oxon. Steinberg, L. 2000, Youth Violence: Do Parents and Families Make a Difference? National Institute of Justice Journal ? April 2000. pp 31-38. Travers, M. 2009, Understanding Law and Society. Routledge, Oxon. [1] First used by John H. Wade. (1990) in the article "Meet MIRAT legal reasoning fragmented into learnable chunks". Available at https://epublications.bond.edu.au/law_pubs/94 [2] Bolton v Stone [1951] AC 850 [3] Wyong Shire Council v Shirt (1980) 146 CLR 40 [4] Paris v Stepney Borough Council [1951] AC 367 [5] Chapman v Hearse (1961) 106 CLR 112 [6] Annetts v Australian Stations Pty Ltd (2002) 211 CLR 317 [7] Caltex Oil (Australia) Pty Ltd v The Dredge (1976) 136 CLR 529 [8] L. Shaddock Associates Pty Ltd v Parramatta City Council (1981) 150 CLR 225 [9] Bolton v Stone [1951] AC 850 [10] Romeo v Conservation Commission (NT) (1998) 192 CLR 431 [11] Jaensch v Coffey (1984) 155 CLR 549 [12] Chester v Waverley Corporation (1939) 62 CLR 1 [13] Caltex Oil (Australia) Pty Ltd v The Dredge (1976) 136 CLR 529 [14] L. Shaddock Associates Pty Ltd v Parramatta City Council (1981) 150 CLR 225 [15] McWilliams v Sir William Company Ltd [1962] 1 WLR 295 [18] Jaensch v Coffey (1984) 155 CLR 549

The Nation Takes Shape Essay Example For Students

The Nation Takes Shape Essay The Nation Takes Shapeby Marcus Cunliffepublished by the University of Chicago Press1789-1800Bobby EarlMs. C. LoveFebruary 12, 1998The period of time from 1789 to 1839 was an age of growth for the United States of America; the United States grew bigger and better in general, it expanded into the West, and its commerce and industry also grew substantially. This is in part because of the great political leaders such as George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, and Andrew Jackson, but also in part of growing national pride and the yearning to become a successful nation. America grew larger and improved greatly in the first half century of its life. The territory of the United States tripled in size as America bought large amounts of property from other nations, and the number of the states in the Union doubled. The population doubled twice from around four million people to almost sixteen million people, and by the year 1840 rolled around. American exports also quadrupled in size to about $80 million dollars in profit. The national debt from earlier years was completely paid off in this time period; a feat that has not been accomplished since. An Army and Navy were established to protect the country, and judiciary, legislative, and executive departments of the government were formed with the ratification of the Constitution of the United States of America. Transportation became much easier in America by 1840. Approximately 2500 miles of canals and 3000 miles of railroads had been constructed. Harbors, lighthouses, and dry docks had also greatly incr eased in number to aid the seafarers. In the first fifty years of its history, almost all parts of America grew enormously, from schools to post offices to forts. America was a becoming a stronger nation in a world of giants. We will write a custom essay on The Nation Takes Shape specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Another area of American growth was the West. As the Constitution was being signed, virtually no one lived on the western side of the Appalachian mountains. The Louisiana Purchase doubled the United States in size, however, and people soon started to expand into the empty space. At first, the thirteen original states argued over land boundaries from the colonial times. Eventually, they all ceded the controversial land to the United States government. The American government soon issued the Northwest Ordinance to deal with the land in the northwest. The ordinance divided up the territory into townships of thirty-six square mile sections. Each square mile would be sold at about $640. The ordinance also set the requirements the territory had to meet to be given a non-voting representative in Congress and to be eligible for statehood. The Northwest Ordinance also outlawed slavery in the Northwest Territory. There were other residents of this territory, however. Many Native Americans were pushed out after Mad Anthony Wayne defeated them at Fallen Timbers. Also, Jays Treaty prevented the British from intervening in the Northwest Territory any longer. This eradication of non-Americans left room for many more people to move west and gave them a more secure feeling of safety. There were quite a few more reasons that people wanted to move out west. One of the reasons was because of the lack of farming land in the east. In the Northeast the soil was too rocky and poor to be able to sustain profitable farms. In the middle states, the soil was being eroded away; the tobacco plantations were ruining the soil in the South. Another reason was because the ideal of Manifest Destiny, the belief that the United States should reach from coast to coast, was becoming more popular. For these reasons and more, the population in the West grew rapidly, and the empty territories quickly became states. .ufec48c09fba3d78101b9d95c9a37f92c , .ufec48c09fba3d78101b9d95c9a37f92c .postImageUrl , .ufec48c09fba3d78101b9d95c9a37f92c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ufec48c09fba3d78101b9d95c9a37f92c , .ufec48c09fba3d78101b9d95c9a37f92c:hover , .ufec48c09fba3d78101b9d95c9a37f92c:visited , .ufec48c09fba3d78101b9d95c9a37f92c:active { border:0!important; } .ufec48c09fba3d78101b9d95c9a37f92c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ufec48c09fba3d78101b9d95c9a37f92c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ufec48c09fba3d78101b9d95c9a37f92c:active , .ufec48c09fba3d78101b9d95c9a37f92c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ufec48c09fba3d78101b9d95c9a37f92c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ufec48c09fba3d78101b9d95c9a37f92c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ufec48c09fba3d78101b9d95c9a37f92c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ufec48c09fba3d78101b9d95c9a37f92c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ufec48c09fba3d78101b9d95c9a37f92c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ufec48c09fba3d78101b9d95c9a37f92c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ufec48c09fba3d78101b9d95c9a37f92c .ufec48c09fba3d78101b9d95c9a37f92c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ufec48c09fba3d78101b9d95c9a37f92c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: ABRAHAM LINCOLN One of the Gre EssayAnother area in which America grew considerably was in commerce and industry. Before the Revolution, the colonies and Britain had established a relationship in which the colonies would export many raw products to Britain, and Britain would export many finished products to America. After the Revolution, Britain remained the United States most valuable trading partner, but America also opened up to some new foreign markets, such as those in Latin America, the Mediterranean, and the Far East, areas economically controlled by major European powers. Between the years of 1793 to 1815, wars raged on in Europe, and both sides wanted American pro ducts. After the wars ended, the American market became even more fruitful. The plentiful timber supply and shipbuilding experience made the United States a leading producer in small, inexpensive sailing vessels. As America grew economically, so did its cities. Philadelphia was the largest city in 1790, but around 1820 New York became the largest city in America. New York strived to be the economic capital of America, and it slowly rose, leaving competing cities far behind. With such economic endeavors, America continued to significantly grow in the first half century of its history. As one can clearly see, one of Americas greatest eras of growth was in its first half century of history. An interesting fact one could find in the book The Nation Takes Shape is that by 1840 the frontier was moving west at an average of seventeen miles a year. Another fascinating point found in this book is that Noah Webster was challenged for including the words locate and location in the dictionary. A third enthralling detail is that many people bought land in small cities in the 1820s for about a dollar an acre, but by the 1940s, some of the land, in cities such as Chicago, had jumped to becoming worth over $3000. In conclusion, the first fifty years of Americas history were extremely important, for it was one of the periods of time in which America grew bigger and better in general, expanded into the West, and grew substantially in commerce and industry. History Essays

The witch of blackbird pond essays

The witch of blackbird pond essays Kit, the heroine in the book, The Witch of Blackbird Pond, learns how to take care of herself and others in1687. When her parents died after only three years of marriage, she had gone to live with her Grandfather. When he died, leaving her with no money, she came alone from Barbados to Wethersfield, Connecticut to live with her aunt and uncle. Wethersfield was not at all what she expected. This story teaches about history by telling an exciting adventure about a very brave 16-year-old girl who learns about freedom of religion for herself and others. Kit's grandpa taught her how to swim and how to read in Barbados. Her cousins Judith and Mercy and her aunt and uncle taught her how to sew, cook and work in the fields in Wethersfield. This was very hard for her because at her grandparents' house she had maids to do everything for her. In this new country, she learns to take care of others and be brave. She does a lot of selfless acts. For example, she jumps into the ocean to get a little doll for a child named Prudence because the little girl wants it very badly She also teaches her to read the bible and print her name. This gets her branded as a witch later in the story. When she could leave with Nathaniel Eaton, the Captain's son, on his father's ship, the Dolphin, she stays to nurse her cousin and her family through influenza. She helps save an old lady named Hannah from being burned. The village thought Hannah put a curse on the village and made a lot of people sick. Kit was very brave, because every one disapproved of her actions. For example, her family thought she shouldn't be a friend with Hannah but she stood her ground and didn't break the friendship. Kit and her uncle argued a lot. It turns out that they are very similar. Her Uncle also stood up for what he believed. Once, he gathered people together to defy the king and declare their fre ...

The Truth About Government Grants

The Truth About Government Grants Contrary to what books and TV ads say, the U.S. government is not giving away free grant money. A government grant is not a Christmas present. According to the book American Government Politics, by Jay M. Shafritz, a grant is, A form of gift that entails certain obligations on the part of the grantee and expectations on the part of the grantor. The key word there is obligations. Getting a government grant will get you lot of obligations and not fulfilling them will grant you a lot of legal troubles. In fact, the tantalizing but false lure of â€Å"free† money from the government has spawned some potentially disastrous government grant scams. Few Grants for Individuals Most federal grants are awarded to organizations, institutions, and state and local governments planning major projects that will benefit specific sectors of the population or the community as a whole, for example:   A neighborhood street paving projectA state-wide program to re-train displaced workersA project to attract new businesses to a depressed downtown areaA regional water conservation programA state or county-wide flood control project   Organizations that get government grants are subject to strict government oversight and must meet detailed government performance standards during the duration of the project and funding period of the grant. All project expenditures must be strictly accounted for and detailed audits are conducted by the government at least annually. All granted funds must be spent. Any money not spent goes back to the Treasury. Detailed program goals must be developed, approved and carried out exactly as specified in the grant application. Any project changes must be approved by the government. All project phases must be completed on time. And, of course, the project must be completed with demonstrable success. Failure on the part of the grant recipient to perform under the requirements of the grant can result in penalties ranging from economic sanctions to prison in cases of improper use or theft of public funds. By far, most government grants are applied for and awarded to other government agencies, states, cities, colleges and universities, and research organizations. Few individuals have the money or expertise necessary to prepare adequate applications for federal grants. Most active grant-seekers, in fact, employ full time staffs to do nothing but apply for and administer federal grants. The plain truth is that with federal funding cutbacks and competition for grants becoming more intense, seeking a federal grant always requires a lot of time and potentially a lot of money up front with no guarantee of success. Program or Project Budget Approval Through the annual federal budget process, Congress passes laws making money lots of it available to the various government agencies for doing major projects designed to assist some sector of the public. The projects may be suggested by the agencies, members of Congress, the president, states, cities, or members of the public. But, in the end, Congress decides which programs get how much money for how long. Finding and Applying for Grants Once the federal budget is approved, funds for the grant projects start to become available and are announced in the Federal Register throughout the year. The official access point for information on all federal grants is the Grants.gov website. Who is Eligible to Apply for Grants? The grant’s entry on the Grants.gov website will list which organizations or individuals are eligible to apply for the grants. The entry for all grants will also explain: How  the grant money can be used;How to apply including detailed contact information;How applications will be reviewed, judged and awarded; andWhat is expected of successful grantees including reports, audits, and performance standards Other Types of Federal Government Benefits While grants are clearly off the table, there are several other federal government benefit and assistance programs that can and do help individuals with many needs and life situations Beware the ‘Free’ Government Grant Scams The illusion that government grants are somehow â€Å"owed† to taxpayers and are thus available for â€Å"free† has inevitably led to numerous dangerous grant-getting scams. Consider the following offer. â€Å"Because you pay your income taxes on time, you have been awarded a free $12,500 government grant! To get your grant, simply give us your checking account information, and we will direct-deposit the grant into your bank account!† So compelling! But as the Federal Trade Commission (FTC), the nation’s consumer protection agency warns, such money for nothing† grant offers are almost always scams. Some ads will claim that just about anybody will qualify to get â€Å"free grants† to pay for education, home improvements, business expenses, even credit card balances. Along with email ads, grants scammers often make telephone calls claiming they work for a â€Å"government agency† that has â€Å"discovered† you qualify for a grant. In either case, the claim is the same: your application for a grant is guaranteed to be accepted, and you’ll never have to pay the money back. No matter what the offer’s bait is, the hook is always the same. After congratulating them on their eligibility, the scammer asks their victim for their checking account information so the grant money can be â€Å"deposited directly† into their account or to cover a â€Å"one-time processing fee.† The scammer may even reassure the victims that they will get a full refund if they are not satisfied. Of course, the reality is that while the victims never see any grant money, they do see money disappear from the bank accounts. As the FTC advises, consumers should never give out their bank account information to anyone they don’t know. â€Å"Always keep your bank account information confidential. Don’t share it unless you are familiar with the company and know why the information is necessary,† warns the FTC. Persons who suspect they have been a victim of a government grant scam should file a complaint with the FTC online, or call toll-free, 1-877-FTC-HELP (1-877-382-4357); TTY: 1-866-653-4261. The FTC enters Internet, telemarketing, identity theft, and other fraud-related complaints into Consumer Sentinel, a secure online database available to hundreds of civil and criminal law enforcement agencies in the U.S. and abroad.

Critical review of Literature Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Critical review of Literature - Research Paper Example These factors mean that interventions for alcohol dependency in children and young people have to vary slightly from standard interventions. As a public health topic, alcohol dependency in this age group is important as it can help to normalize certain behaviours (Lembke, 2011), which may further the problem. Alcohol itself is one of the biggest burdens on the NHS, as it can lead to problems with the cardiovascular and digestive systems (Lembke, 2011), as well as causing dementia and related psychiatric problems. The purpose of this research is to explore which interventions for alcohol dependency in the 10-17 age bracket are most appropriate, and should inform policy guidelines on the matter. To do this, a critical review of the literature on the topic will be conducted. In this review, primary research on alcohol dependency in young people will be explored to show some of the most important issues that this age group has with alcohol dependency. This will highlight the important areas upon which to focus when considering interventions, and suggest areas that may be missing from current knowledge. Additionally, current policy guidelines in the UK will be analysed to ascertain whether they are appropriate when considered in light of the literature review. Literature published before 2002 was excluded from the literature review as it was deemed to be irrelevant and potentially out of date, particularly the information on guidelines. Literature that was included was judged to be the most relevant amongst the search results at that time when informing the research objectives. Alcohol dependency in children and young people is on the rise in the UK (NICE, 2011), and therefore has the potential to become a serious public health issue. Bonomo et al (2004) researched the relationship between alcohol dependency in those aged 14 to 15 and their

Entrepreneurship Climate in the Organization Assignment

Entrepreneurship Climate in the Organization - Assignment Example How smart entrepreneurs harness the power of paranoia, n.d., p.62). The person who defines and designs various strategies is equally evaluated as for his forwarded strategies. The novel ideas arise from various innovations occurring to contemporary marketing and management necessities. Those identified new approaches are often accepted by almost every firm to a maximum extent as they wish to run with the pace of existing business scenario. But, it is a real-time fact that they are unable to implement those up to a cent percent limit; yet they are approaching of course. Innovation and changes are tried to be adapted and implemented to the organizational structuring and functioning because a delay to capture novel variations in trade sector will make position to be degraded from the current. Traditional approaches keep track of resources and their utilization and related strategic possibilities limited within themselves. This can never help a firm out to a higher status in a current market set up. â€Å"Opportunities are the focus of the entrepreneurially managed firm.† (What I worry? How smart entrepreneurs harness the power of paranoia, n.d., p.61). Organizations can meet their entire objectives only from chances they achieve in their field of play. So, it becomes to make up for an attitude to accept and work towards modernization and revolutionize organization’s age-old trends and approaches. Entrepreneurial culture can be cultivated to handle threats and challenges just to pace towards excellence of business and profit. The answer can be started with the words of Dave Lakhani who is the entrepreneur in Boise, Idaho saying â€Å"if you’re not a little bit paranoid, your complacent.....complacency is what leads people into missed opportunities and business failure.† (What I worry? How smart entrepreneurs harness the power of paranoia, n.d., p.61).